Tag Archives: Winter Trees

Trees with Whorled Buds

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Catalpa speciosa

Catalpa speciosa

Catapla speciosa fruit

Catapla speciosa fruit

Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) is our only escaped tree with whorled buds. The rounded leaf-scars distinguish this from the occasional maple or ash twig that is whorled. A second Catalpa species (Catalpa bignonioides) is planted in Michigan, but has not been documented as escaping. The seeds are the best way to distinguish the two species in the winter. C. bignonioides has pointed fringes at the ends of the seeds and in C. speciosa the fringes are rounded and wide.

 

Copyright 2013 by Donald Drife

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Alternate Trees Armed

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Crataegus

Hawthorn

 

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) is a small tree with round reddish or brownish lateral buds. The thorns are sharp. Voss and Reznicek list 29 species in this genus from Michigan but many are only shrubs.

Gleditsia triacanthos

Honeylocust

 

 

Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) is a rare native in found in southern Michigan. It is planted widely including a thornless form (f. intermis). The twigs and trunk are armed with branched thorns. The terminal bud is absent and the lateral buds are hidden under the twig’s epidermis. Most trees will have a few seedpods that look like long, dark, flat, peapods (it is in the Fabaceae, Pea Family).

Malus coronaria

Wild Crab Apple

 

Wild Crab Apple (Malus coronaria), also called Sweet Crab, or American Crab is similar to Hawthorn. The buds are pointed and the thorns are blunt pointed. The thorns normally have leaf scars.

 

 

Robinia pseudoacacia

Black Locust

 

Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is not native to Michigan but widely planted and escaped. The terminal bud is absent and each lateral bud scar has a pair of stipular spines. The reddish buds are partially hidden by the epidermis.

 

Voss, Edward G. and Anton Reznicek. (2012). Field Manual of Michigan Flora. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (Crataegus on pp.811-819)
Copyright 2013 by Donald Drife

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Alternate Budded Trees with False Terminal Buds II

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Carpinus caroliniana

Blue-beech

Blue-beech (Carpinus caroliniana) has very slender twigs, the appressed buds are tiny and the bud scales have greenish-white edges. The bark is gray and ridged. This small tree’s trunk has the feel of a muscle, giving rise to the common name Muscle-wood.

Celtis occidentalis

Hackberry

Celtis occidentalis

Hackberry twig

 

 

Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) has chambered pith. The twigs are slender with flattened buds, the bud tips normally touching the twig.

 

 

Cercis canadensis

Redbud

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Redbud (Cercis canadensis) is a small tree native to floodplains and rich wet bottomlands in southern Michigan. It is also widely planted as an ornamental. The buds are black and tiny so the dark zig-zag twigs of this tree appear to be dead. The rounded stalked flower buds are found on the second year and older twigs. Most trees will have a few seedpods that look like brown peapods (it is in the Fabaceae, Pea Family).

Morus alba

White Mulberry

 

White Mulberry (Morus alba) has slender twigs with the buds offset to the leaf scars. It is not native to Michigan but has been imported from China.

Ostrya virginiana

Hop-hornbeam

 

 

In Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) the twigs are very slender, with small divergent buds. Its bud scales are striped. The bark has fine plates so it resembles a cat scratched surface.

Ulmus

L-R Siberian, American, and Slippery Elm

 

 

American Elm (Ulmus americana) has buds that are two ranked (meaning in two rows). It has three bundle scars and bud tips without hairs.

Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra) has buds that are two ranked. It has three bundle scars and bud tips with reddish-brown hairs. Its twigs often have conspicuous reddish flower buds.

Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila) is native to eastern Siberia and northern China. The leaf buds are small and reddish. The flower buds are rounder. It escapes into woodlots in Michigan.

Alternate Twig Look-a-likes

Alternate Twig Look-a-likes

 

Bud Look-a-likes

Bud Look-a-likes

Copyright 2013 by Donald Drife
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Alternate Budded Trees with False Terminal Buds I

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False Terminal Buds

False Terminal Buds

A false terminal bud is nothing more than a former leaf bud located at the end of a twig. True terminal buds do not have leaf scars, false terminal buds do. Some authors say that the terminal buds are absent.

 

 

Fagus grandifolia


American Beech

 

American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) has buds 3 to 5 times longer than wide. The buds are two ranked (meaning in two rows) and held almost at right angles to the stem.

 

 

 

Gymnocladus dioicus

Kentucky Coffeetree

Kentucky Coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus) is a rare native tree in southern Michigan. The twigs are stout, each large bud scar has two buds and normally 5 bundle scars but 3 or 4 bundle scars are seen. Most trees will have a few seedpods that look like dark brown peapods (it is in the Fabaceae, Pea Family).

Platanus occidentialis

Sycamore

 

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) is found in floodplains in southern Michigan. The mottled bark is distinctive giving the tree a diseased appearance. The buds are surrounded by the leaf scar.

 

 

Salix spp.

Willow

 

Willow (Salix spp.) is easy to identify in the winter. It has slender twigs and one bud scale.

 

 

 

Tilia americana

Basswood

 

Basswood (Tilia americana) has reddish (or greenish) asymmetrical buds that are offset from the leaf scar. Each bud has two bud scales. Each bud scar has two small stipule scars.
Copyright 2013 by Donald Drife

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Alternate Budded Trees with True Terminal Buds II

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Populus deltoides

Eastern Cottonwood

Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) has large (1-2 cm long) terminal buds that are shiny and sticky. The leaf scars have three bundle scars. The pith has a star-shaped cross section.

Populus balsamifera P. deltoides

L – R Balsam Poplar, Cottonwood leaf buds, Cottonwood flower buds

 

 

 

 

Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera) is similar to Eastern Cottonwood but with very aromatic buds. The leaf scars have three to five bundle scars. Eastern Cottonwood is primarily a southern species and Balsam Poplar is northern.

 

Populus grandidentata, Bigtooth Aspen

Bigtooth Aspen

 

Bigtooth Aspen (Populus grandidentata) has a terminal bud less than 1cm long. The center of the scale is covered with short dense gray hairs. The lateral buds diverge from the stout twigs.

 

 

Populus tremuloides, Quaking Aspen

Quaking Aspen

 

 

Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) is similar to Bigtooth Aspen. The terminal buds lack the gray hairs. The lateral buds are appressed to the thin twig.

 

 

L-R Prunus serotina, P. virginiana

L-R Black Cherry, Choke Cherry

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) has a blunt terminal bud. The bud scales are reddish-brown. The lateral buds are appressed. The bark is black with rounded plates giving it a “burnt potato chip” look.

Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana) has a terminal bud that is longer and more pointed than a Black Cherry’s. The lateral buds are more or less divergent. The brown bud scales have a two-tone look.

Quercus Oaks

Oaks

 

Oaks (Quercus spp.) have buds clustered at the ends of their twigs. The species are often difficult to distinguish.

 

 

Copyright 2013 by Donald Drife

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Alternate Budded Trees with True Terminal Buds I

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Asimina triloba Pawpaw

Pawpaw

Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a small understory tree that grows in floodplains in southern Michigan, ranging north to Bay City. The buds are tomentose (meaning with short bent matted hairs). The terminal bud is long and the lateral buds are smaller and appressed. Spherical flower buds often occur even on trees as short as five feet tall.

Carya cordiformis and Carya ovata Bitternut and Shagbark Hickory

Bitternut and Shagbark Hickory

Bitternut Hickory (Carya cordiformis) has sulfur-yellow buds that appear to lack bud scales. It is the only Michigan tree species with yellow buds.Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata) has a large terminal bud with spreading outer bud scales. The lateral buds are smaller.

Juglans cinerea Butternut

Butternut

 

 

Butternut (Juglans cinerea) has a chocolate-brown chambered pith. The leaf scar is not notched and often has a downy ridge across the top. This leaf scar has a camel-face appearance. The terminal bud is longer than it is wide.

Juglans nigra Black Walnut

Black Walnut

 

 

Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) has a cream-colored chambered pith. The leaf scar is notched. The terminal bud is as wide as it is long.

 

 

 

Liriodendron tulipifera Tuliptree

Tuliptree

Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) has smooth shiny twigs with flattened, short-stalked, terminal buds. The lateral buds are sessile (meaning without stalks) and possess prominent stipule scars. The pith is diaphragmed. This species is the tallest tree east of the Mississippi.

Sassafras albidum Sassafras

Sassafras

 

Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) grows throughout Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. It is more common south of Bay City. The terminal buds are greenish and the twigs are green and aromatic. Sassafras is the only Michigan trees species that has new growth that branches.

 

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Opposite Budded Winter Trees

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Michigan Trees with Opposite Buds

MADHorse (l-r) Maple, Ash, Dogwood, Horsechestnut

If you find an opposite budded tree, growing wild in Michigan, it is either a Maple, Ash, Dogwood, or Horsechestnut (including the Ohio Buckeye). The mnemonic is MAD-Horse.

Maple Twigs

Maple Twigs

Maples have leaf scars that touch (or come close) and have three bundle scars. The buds are non-sticky and semi-pointed.

Ash Twigs

Ash Twigs

In Ashes, the leaf scars don’t touch and the buds are round. The bundle scars are in a “C” shaped pattern.

Flowering Dogwood Twigs

Flowering Dogwood Twigs

Two species of Dogwoods in Michigan are trees. The Flowering Dogwood is the one with opposite buds. It has greenish twigs (sometimes they turn red toward spring) with whitish hairs. The leaf buds are narrow and pointed. Most of the Flowering Dogwoods will show their characteristic rounded flower buds on short stalks called peduncles.

Horsechestnut Twigs

Horsechestnut Twigs

The Horsechestnut is a non-native tree that escapes into the woodlots of southern Michigan. Its native range is part of Europe and Asia. Look for the large, reddish, and sticky buds. The Ohio Buckeye is native in southern Michigan. Its buds are brown and more pointed than the Horsechestnut.

For more information, consult Michigan Trees by Burton V. Barnes and Warren H. Wagner, Jr. It is an excellent field guide including all of Michigan’s trees with descriptions of them in every season.

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