Wildflowers in Winter: More Plants Having Small Seedpods

Here are some of the other southeast Michigan winter wildflowers with small pods. By small I mean shorter then 13mm [1/2 inch] and a diameter less than 6mm (1/4 inch).

Hypopitys monotropa

Pinesaps

Pinesaps (Hypopitys monotropa) is also called (Monotropa hypopithys). Upward pointing styles and a loose spike are the characters of this species. Pinesaps are leafless plants that live off of tree roots that they attach to via a fungus. The fancy term is myco-heterotrophic  plants. The flowers hang down but as the seedpods develop they turn upward.

Gentiana andrewsii

Closed or Bottled Gentian

Closed or Bottled Gentian (Gentiana andrewsii) in the winter is just like the flowers but without the color. It is difficult to identify the Closed Gentian group to species when they are flowering. The seedpod shown here was from a colony that I identified when it flowered in the fall so I know which species it is. Opposite leaves and the distinct seedpod shape identify this as part of the Closed Gentian group.

Gentiana andrewsii

Closed or Bottled Gentian

Orchids have distinctive 6 parted seedpods. Hanging from the end of the capsule are the dried up petals and sepals. Broad-leaved Helleborine (Epipactis helleborine) is commonly encountered even in the city. See blog posting from August 2013. Its leafy spike with many seedpods is distinctive.

Cypripedium acaule Epipactis helleborine

L-Pink Lady-slipper R-Broad-leaved Helleborine

Lady-slippers have large capsules and when in seed the species are identified based size, habitat and leaf remnants or leaf scars. Pink Lady-slipper or Moccasin Flower (Cypripedium acaule) has a single seedpod on a stem without leaf scars.  I know of pinewoods where 1000’s of plants bloom and only a dozen plants set seed.

Verbascum blattaria

Moth Mullein

Moth Mullein (Verbascum blattaria) has 5mm (3/16 inch) diameter spherical seedpods on short, curved, upward pointing pedicels. Pedicels are the stalks that support individual flowers or seedpods on an inflorescence. Dried clasping leaves often remain along the main stem.
Copyright 2015 by Donald Drife

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Michigan Lady-slippers

Stemless Lady-slipper

Stemless Lady-slipper
Cypripedium acaule

The five species of Lady-slippers that grow in Michigan are some of our showiest wildflowers. They belong to the Orchid Family (Orchidaceae) and are in the genus Cypripedium. Cypripedium comes from Cypris meaning Venus and pedilon meaning shoe. Scientific names consist of two words. The first is the genus and the second is the specific name. Related plants are grouped in the same genus but have distinct specific names. Species are sometimes further broken down into subspecies, varieties, and forms. Our Yellow Lady-slipper has two varieties in the state, but it is difficult at times to distinguish them.

Stemless Lady-slipper

Stemless Lady-slipper
Cypripedium acaule

Stemless Lady-slipper (Cypripedium acaule), also called Moccasin Flower or Pink Lady-slipper, is a widespread acid loving plant. Acaule means stemless and refers to the leaves at the base of the plant. It flowers from late May and to the end of June. Normally the flowers are pink but white flowered plants and darker flowered plants occur. The flowers are cream-colored when they are developing and can be mistaken for albinos. It grows in the pine-needle duff around Grayling. Once we were looking for Moonworts (Botrychium spp) and stumbled onto several thousand lady-slipper plants blooming in a borrow pit. A borrow pit is a location were sand has been dug out for road construction. The area was less than an acre and the leaves of the plants touched each other.

Ram's Head

Ram’s Head
Cypripedium arietinum

Ram’s Head Lady-slipper (Cypripedium arietinum) grows in the Great Lake’s dunes or among the conifers at the edges of the dunes. Arietinum means like a ram’s head and the flower when looked at head on does resemble a head. The plant has a wiry stem that always seems to be moving in the breeze. It is a challenge to photograph this plant. Most recent records come from the Upper Peninsula and the Lower Peninsula north of Grayling.

White Lady-slipper Cypripedium candidum

White Lady-slipper Cypripedium candidum

White Lady-slipper (Cypripedium candidum) is found in fens or bogs in southern Michigan. Candidum means white. When I first saw this plant, I was surprised at its small size. The plant’s white lip has purple veins. This orchid loves sun and disappears where it is shaded. Several of the colonies I have observed for many years grow near railroad tracks and the fens burn periodically from fires caused by sparks from the railroad. Several colonies I know have been overgrown by Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus [Rhamnus frangula]). One in Livingston County disappeared in five years. The first year several buckthorn seedlings grew among the flowering lady-slippers, by the third year the plants no longer flowered and were reduced to seedling like plants consisting of a single leaf. By the fifth year no plants could be located.

Yellow Lady-slipper

Yellow Lady-slipper
Cypripedium parviflorum var.pubescens

Yellow Lady-slipper (Cypripedium parviflorum) is found throughout Michigan and is highly variable. Parviflorum means small flowered. The species as now classified separates our plants from the European (C. calceolus) plants. The typical variety (var. parviflorum) occurs in the southeastern United States.

As a side note: when botanists name a new species of plant, they designate a “type specimen.” This is a single pressed plant that other botanists can study to determine exactly what the species is. The type specimen of a given species also establishes the typical variety that might not be the commonest variety. Therefore, the typical variety of the Yellow Lady-slipper is Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum even though there are many more plants of the variety pubescens in the world. The variety pubescens (meaning pubescent) and variety makasin (from the Algonquin Indian name of this flower) both grow in Michigan.

Variety makasin has the common name Smaller Yellow Lady-slipper. In this variety the lip is small (the size of my little fingernail), the sepals and lateral petals are dark, it grows in bogs or fens in southern Michigan. This orchid is one of the sweetest smelling native plants with a strong scent similar to vanilla, another orchid.

Yellow Lady-slipper

Yellow Lady-slipper
(L) Cypripedium parviflorum var.pubescens
(R) Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin

The variety pubescens is normally large, its lip shape, twisting and color of the lateral petals, and habitat are extremely variable. The Yellow Lady-slippers growing farther north than Saginaw are this variety but it also grows in the southern part of the state. Small plants of this variety can be difficult to distinguish from var. makasin. In some plants, the lips are cream colored. These plants are found well north of the White Lady-slipper so they are not hybrids. They are just color forms. Plants can be as tall as two feet (.6 m).

Showy Lady-slipper (Cypripedium reginae) grows in wet areas throughout the state. Reginae means “of the queen.” The plants are two to three feet tall, with one to three, two-inch wide flowers. They are regal plants. Botanists possess large vocabularies of technical descriptive words, however; Merritt Fernald in the eighth edition of Gray’s Manual calls this plant “handsome,” and in the first edition, Asa Gray himself calls it “beautiful.”

Showy Lady-slipper

Showy Lady-slipper Cypripedium reginae

The group of plants shown in the photograph grows in a ditch along U.S.2 in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. I first observed the colony in 1973. I have never failed to find plants there but some years they are single leaves only a few inches long. When the trees grow up and shade the plants they stop flowering and gradually reduce in size. The power company clears the trees out of the ditch and within a year or two the plant bloom again. After five to ten years hundreds of plants flower in the ditch. As the trees grow up the number of flowering plants is reduced. Last year about a
dozen plants flowered. The trees were touching the power line so hopefully they will be cut soon.

I have watched another station for this plant almost as long. It grows in the Bald Mountain State Recreation Area in Oakland Co. When I first saw the colony in 1974, over six-thousand plants were flowering. It is in a large, cedar swamp. White-tailed Deer bedded down on grassy hummocks. When the deer population was high, they kept the White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) browsed. When the deer population went down, the cedars grew up, shaded the plants, and they ceased flowering. The deer provide another service for the plant by stepping on their seedpods and planting the seeds. I revisited the colony a few years ago knowing that the deer population was high and expecting to see a lady-slipper show. I could only find a few single leaf plants. The cedar swamp was over-grown by Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus). The colony is now gone.

An additional species, Franklin’s Lady-slipper (Cypripedium passerinum), occurs on the north shore of Lake Superior. It might one day be discovered in Michigan. I have often wondered if Oliver Farwell’s White Lady-slipper record in the 1880s from the Keweenaw was this species. His existing specimen is clearly White Lady-slipper but we know he replaced a few of his older specimens. I think he originally found Franklin’s Lady-slipper, identified it as White Lady-slipper because it was the only white-flowered lady-slipper in his botanical manual. Later he replaced the Franklin’s Lady-slipper specimen with the White Lady-slipper specimen that is the pressed plant we have today. Franklin’s Lady-slipper should be looked for in the Upper Peninsula. Who knows, one day, one of us may be walking alongside a cold northern Michigan stream…

Copyright 2013 by Donald Drife

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Michigan Orchids

Orchids have intrigued people’s imagination for centuries. The plants use different methods to trick pollinators. They have complex flower designs that ensure they release and receive pollen. Some plants mimic insect’s forms and smells. Orchids occur everywhere except Antarctica. Many people are surprised to learn the Michigan has 56 native orchid species. Most of our natives are obscure. Upon showing people a native orchid, their first response is often something such as “that’s an orchid?”

L-R Pink Lady-slipper,Yellow Lady-slipper, Showy Lady-slipper

L-R Pink Lady-slipper,Yellow Lady-slipper, Showy Lady-slipper

Our five species of Lady-slippers are the orchids that most people see. The first orchid I remember seeing was a Pink Lady-slipper (Cypripedium acaule) at Proud Lake Recreation Area. I think this was before I started elementary school. Those plants grew in a quaking bog and a few years later I saw plants growing in dry soil behind a sand dune. It was the acid soil they required not the moisture.

Arethusa bulbosa

Swamp Dragon

The Swamp Dragon (Arethusa bulbosa) was another plant that I learned about from one of my father’s Kodachrome slides. The first colony I ever found was back in 1974 in the Keweenaw Peninsula. I leapt across a roadside ditch to explore a rock outcropping and jumped over a few hundred plants. They were growing out of sphagnum moss. I have seen thousands of plants since then.

 

 

 

Alaska Orchid (Platanthera unalascensis) is a disjunct from the west. It grows in the Rocky Mountains, the Black Hills, the eastern end of the Upper Peninsula, the Bruce Peninsula, and the Gaspe Bay area. It has been placed in the genus Habenaria, and also Piperia. Currently, it is grouped with the Rein Orchids in the genus Platanthera. It has been called the “tall, thin, green, nothing.”

Platanthera unalascensis

Alaska Orchid

I found the plants in the spring of 1979, near Cedarville, Michigan while looking for Calypso. I returned a month later and discovered that the plants were in bud. Ten days later, I drove the 300 miles from my house to the colony (this was before I had heard the term “carbon footprint.”)  None of the plants had opened their blossoms. I returned a week later and the deer had browsed off every flower spike. I found plants, sometimes in bud and sometimes in seed. It was over 30 years before I finally saw the plant in flower.

Hunting orchids is a great reason to get out into nature. You never know what you will find when you jump over a ditch or wander onto a limestone outcropping. Just get out and explore.